Nosotros, los abajo firmantes, economistas y expertos en finanzas, a la luz de las graves repercusiones sin precedentes de la pandemia de COVID-19, nos dirigimos a usted para defender la introducción inmediata de los Impuestos sobre las Transacciones Financieras (ITF), tanto como un medio para hacer que las economías sean más resistentes como para generar la inversión pública que se necesita urgentemente, tanto en el extranjero como en nuestro país, para salvar vidas mediante el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud y para ayudar a pagar los costes de los impactos devastadores para las poblaciones debido al calentamiento climático.
Los ITF fomentan las inversiones a largo plazo en la economía real, proporcionando una base más sólida para la recuperación económica. Esto es especialmente importante para la reconstrucción de los países tras la pandemia. Los ITF desincentivan la actividad especulativa excesiva, en particular las operaciones de alta frecuencia, que han provocado crisis en el pasado. Además, proporcionan a las autoridades fiscales una mayor supervisión de las actividades financieras, lo que les ayuda a recaudar los ingresos fiscales y a luchar contra la corrupción.
Aunque los países más ricos han experimentado grandes dificultades a causa de la COVID-19, los países más pobres, muchos de los cuales estaban en graves dificultades de endeudamiento antes de que se produjera la crisis sanitaria, se encuentran ahora en una situación económica peligrosa que a menudo les obliga a tomar decisiones de vida o muerte entre el servicio de su deuda y la prestación de asistencia sanitaria a sus ciudadanos y ciudadanas.
En respuesta a esta situación de extrema necesidad, le instamos a que se dirija al sector más rico del mundo y recaude ingresos adicionales a través de impuestos sobre las transacciones financieras de acciones, bonos, derivados y divisas, activos que hasta la fecha están muy infra gravados. En 9 de los países del G-20 (Argentina, Brasil, China, Francia, India, Italia, Sudáfrica, Reino Unido y EE.UU.) ya existen ITF limitados, que gravan principalmente con tipos muy bajos las operaciones con acciones. Proponemos que los países que no tienen ITF los introduzcan inmediatamente, y que los que tienen ITF aumenten los tipos impositivos y amplíen el alcance de la base imponible a otros activos. De este modo, podrían generarse ingresos adicionales del orden de 100.000 millones de dólares anuales, de los que al menos el 50% deberían dedicarse a los países en desarrollo para apoyar la sanidad, la educación y reforzar la preparación ante futuras pandemias, y el otro 50% se destinaría a ayudar a los más necesitados en el propio país, especialmente en la protección y la provisión de empleo. En cuanto a la financiación solidaria para los países más pobres, instamos a que los ingresos procedentes de los ITF se añadan a la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo y se destinen a pagar bienes públicos, y no se utilicen para reembolsar la deuda.
La introducción del ITF de esta manera complementa y se basa en los recientes acuerdos para aplicar un tipo mínimo del impuesto de sociedades. Ambas medidas llegan con mucho retraso y son oportunas, además de populares. El sector financiero ha seguido funcionando bien e incluso prosperando a pesar de la pandemia y puede permitirse esta carga fiscal adicional. El ITF puede diseñarse para que recaiga sobre los intermediarios y no sobre los fondos de pensiones y los pequeños inversores, para garantizar que los grupos de interés, como los de mayor edad, no se vean perjudicados. Es importante que un buen diseño fiscal evite la evasión de impuestos haciendo que la ubicación de las operaciones sea irrelevante para la captación de los ingresos fiscales. Como demuestran los precedentes de los actuales ITF, la recaudación de impuestos es rápida y sencilla gracias a la automatización de los mercados financieros.
La existencia de ITF en numerosos países del mundo es testimonio de su viabilidad y conveniencia. Lo que se necesita en esta coyuntura es su voluntad política de aplicar los ITF de forma exhaustiva y sin demora para crear una mayor estabilidad económica y generar ingresos a escala en beneficio de millones de personas tanto en los países desarrollados como, sobre todo, en los países en desarrollo. No cabe duda de que ha llegado el momento de que el mercado más rico del mundo haga una contribución mucho mayor a los más necesitados, tanto a nivel nacional como en todo el mundo.
Le saluda atentamente
Fiscalité : « Une taxe sur les transactions financières pour générer des investissements publics d’urgence »
Un collectif de 124 économistes internationaux dont Jeffrey Sachs et Gabriel Zucman demande dans une tribune au « Monde » aux ministres des finances du G20, réunis les 9 et 10 juillet à Venise, la mise à contribution du « marché le plus riche du monde »
Liste des signataires de la lettre :
Liste des signataires de la lettre :
José | Adelantado | Economist and Sociologist, | Autonomous University of Barcelona | Spain |
Mateo | Alaluf | Professor, | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Belgium |
Randy | Albelda | Professor of Economics, | University of Massachusetts Boston | US |
Luis Enrique | Alonso | Professor of Sociology, faculty of Economic Sciences, | Autonomous University of Madrid | Spain |
Eileen | Appelbaum | Professor of Economics, | Center for Economic and Policy Research | US |
Eduardo Bidaurratzaga | Aurre | Professor of Economics, | University of the Basque Country | Spain |
Dean | Baker | Professor of Economics, | Center for Economic and Policy Research | US |
Stephen | Bannister | Associate Professor, | University of Utah, | US |
Leonardo | Becchettti | Professor, | University Tor Vergata | Italy |
Fernando Moreno | Bernal | Economist | ATTAC Andalucía | Spain |
Carlos | Berzosa | Professor Emeritus of Economics, | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Cyrus | Bina | Professor of Economics, | University of Minnesota | US |
Roger Even | Bove | Associate Professor of Economics,(Retired) | West Chester University | US |
Oscar | Carpintero | Professor of Applied Economics, | University of Valladolid | Spain |
Howard | Chernick | Professor of Economics, | City University of New York | US |
John | Christensen | Co-founder and Executive Director, | Tax Justice Network | UK |
Kimberly | Christensen | Professor of Economics, | Sarah Lawrence College | US |
Douglas | Cliggott | Lecturer, | University of Massachusetts at Amherst | US |
Agustí | Colom Cabau | Professor of Economic Theory, | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Miguel | Correia | Professor of Tax Law | London School of Economics | Portugal |
Anita | Dancs | Professor of Economics, | Western New England University | US |
Lieven | Denys | Professor Emeritus, International Tax Law, | Free University Brussels | Belgium |
James G. | Devine | Professor of Ecoomics, | Loyola Marymount University | US |
Christel | Dumas | Associate professor of finance, | Associate professor of finance, ICHEC Brussels Management School | Belgium |
Paul-Emile | Dupret | Juriste, | Groupe La Gauche Parlement Européen | Belgium |
Dr Sahil Jai | Dutta | Lecturer in International Political Economy | Goldsmiths University | UK |
Miren | Echezarreta | Professor Emeritus of Economics | Autonomous University of Barcelona | Spain |
Michael | Edesess | Associate Professor of Division of Environment and Sustainability | Hong Kong University | US |
Fernando Luengo | Escalonilla | Professor Emeritus of Economics | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Eduardo Garzón | Espinosa | Professor of Economics | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Rudy | Fichtenbaum | Professor Emeritus of Economics | Wright State University | US |
Jorge | Fonseca | Professor Applied Economics | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Ramón | Franquesa | Professor of World Economics | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Gerald | Friedman | Professor of Economics | University of Massachusetts at Amherst | US |
Hisashi | Fukawa | Professor, Faculty of Social Policy & Administration | Hosei University | Japan |
Koyu | Furusawa | Chief Executive | Japan Center for a Sustainable Environment and Society | Japan |
Pierre | Galand | Professor | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Belgium |
John Luke | Gallup | Associate Professor of Economics | Portland State University | US |
Carmen Castro | García | Professor of Public Policy and Gender Equality | University of Valencia | Spain |
Chris | Georges | Professor of Economics | Hamilton College | US |
Lonnie | Golden | Professor of Economics | Penn State University | US |
Angel Martínez | González-Tablas | Professor Emeritus of Applied Economics | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Stephany | Griffith-Jones | Economist | University of Sussex/Columbia | UK |
Robert | Guttmann | Professor of Economics | Hofstra University | US |
Jason | Hickel | Economic Anthropologist | London School of Economics | UK |
Leo | Hindery, Jr. | CEO | Trine Acquisition Corp | US |
Hirokuni | Honda | Professor | Economics Department of Dokkyo University | Japan |
Marek | Hudon | Professor Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Belgium |
Koichi | Ikegami | Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Agriculture | Kindai University | Japan |
Gustavo | Indart | Professor Emeritus of Economics | University of Toronto | US |
Arjun | Jayadev | Associate Professor of Economics | Azim Premji University | US |
Jordi Roca | Jusmet | Professor of Economics, | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Fumio | Kaneko | Professor Emeritus, | Faculty of Liberal Arts | Japan |
Francis | Karugu | Global Justice Fellow Yale University, Senior Researcher on Fiscal Studies, | University of Nairobi | Kenya |
Mary C. | King | Professor Emirata, | Portland State University | US |
Dr Suzanne J. | Konzelmann | Director | Postgraduate Programmes in Corporate Governance and Business Ethics | UK |
John | Langmore | Professor, School of Social and Political Sciences, | University of Melbourne | Australia |
Stewart | Lansley | Visiting Fellow, School for Policy Studies, | University of Bristol | UK |
Robert | Lensink | Professor | University of Groningen | Netherlands |
Charles | Levenstein | Professor Emiratus of Economics, | University of Massachusetts Lowell | US |
Margaret | Levenstein | Professor of Economics, | University of Michigan | US |
Juan Torres | López | Professor of Applied Economics | University of Seville | Spain |
Julio Rodríguez | López | Economist and former President | Banco Hipotecario de España | Spain |
Dan | Luria | Professor of Law and Political Science | Michigan Mfg Tech Ctr (retired) | US |
Arthur | MacEwan | Professor Emiratus of Economics | University of Massachusetts Boston | US |
Angels | Martínez Castell | Professor Emeritus of Economic Policy | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Peter Hans | Matthews | Professor of Economics | Middlebury College | US |
James | Meadway | Director, | Progressive Economy Forum (PEF) | UK |
Michael | Meeropol | Professor of Economics | Western New England University | US |
Martin | Melkonian | Associate Professor of Economics | Hofstra University | US |
Lara | Merling | Policy Advisor | ITUC | US |
Yoshikazu | Miki | Ex-president, Tax Law, | Aoyama Gakuin University | Japan |
Marcelo | Milan | Assistant Professor of Economics, | Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul | Brazil |
Lawrence | Mishel | Professor of Economics | Economic Policy Institute | US |
Taro | Miyakoshi | Board Member, | Forum for Global Solidarity Tax | Japan |
Basilio G. | Monteiro | Associate Professor in the Department of Mass Communication | St. John’s University | US |
Toru | Morotomi | Professor, Graduate School of Economics & Global Environmental Studies, | Kyoto University | Japan |
Tracy | Mott | Associate Professor | University of Denver | US |
Ikeda | Msahiro | Conseiler Fiscal | Iwate Prefecture | Japan |
José Manuel | Naredo | Economist and Statistician | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Noemi Levy | Orlik | Professor of Economics | UNAM Economic Faculty | Mexico |
Giuseppe | Pagano | Professor of Public Finance and Economic Policy, | University of Mons | Belgium |
Lenore | Palladino | Professor of Economics, (Retired) | West Chester University | US |
Sergio | Perelman | Professor | Unversity of Liege | Belgium |
Avinash | Persaud | Professor | Gresham College and Chair of CARICOM Commission on the Economy | Barbados |
Ann | Pettifor | Director | Policy Research in Macroeconomics (PRIME) | UK |
Kate E. | Pickett | Deputy Director, Centre for Future Health, | University of York | UK |
Robert | Pollin | Professor of Economics | University of Massachusetts at Amherst | US |
Albino | Prada | Professor of Applied Economics, | University of Vigo | Spain |
Steven | Pressman | Professor of Economics, | Monmouth University | US |
Daniel | Puissant | Secretary Réseau | Justice Fiscale | Belgium |
Daniel | Raventós | Professor of Sociological Theory, | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Albert | Recio Andreu | Professor of Applied Economics, | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Michael | Reich | Professor of Economics | University of California, Berkeley | US |
Cordelia W. | Reimers | Professor Emirata of Economics, | Hunter College-CUNY | US |
Joseph | Ricciardi | Associate Professor of Economics, | Babson College | US |
Malcolm | Robinson | Professor of Economics, | Thomas More University | US |
Leopoldo | Rodriguez | Associate Professor of Economics | Portland State University | US |
John E. | Roemer | Elizabeth S. and A. Varick Stout Professor of Political Science and Economics | Yale University | US |
Samuel | Rosenberg | Professor of Economics, | Roosevelt University | US |
Jeffrey | Sachs | Professor of Economics | Harvard University | US |
Antonio | Sanabria | Researcher at the Institute of International Studies | Complutense University of Madrid | Spain |
Christian | Savestre | Financial expert | Member of Attac | Belgium |
Ted P. | Schmidt | Professor | SUNY Buffalo State | US |
John | Schmitt | Economist | Centre for Economic and Policy Research | US |
Sanford | Schram | Professor of Political Science | CUNY Graduate Center | US |
Stephanie | Seguino | Professor of Economics | University of Vermont | US |
Prem | Sikka | Emeritus Professor | University of Essex and University of Sheffield | UK |
Chris | Tilly | Professor of Economics and Urban Studies | University of California Los Angeles | US |
Juan | Tugores | Professor of Economics | University of Barcelona | Spain |
Takehiko | Uemura | Professor | School of International Liberal Arts Yokohama City University | Japan |
Oscar | Ugarteche | Professor of Economics, | Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas UNAM | Peru |
Anastasio | Urra Urbieta | Professor of Business Economics | University of Valencia | Spain |
Philippe | Van Parijs | Professor, Hoover Chair in Economic and Social Ethics | Catholic University of Louvain | Belgium |
Matías | Vernengo | Professor of Economics, | Bucknell University | US |
Paula B. | Voos | Professor of Economics | Rutgers University | US |
David F. | Weiman | Professor of Economics | Columbia University | US |
Thomas E. | Weisskopf | Professor Emeritus | University of Denver | US |
John | Willoughby | Professor of Economics, | American University | US |
Yavuz | Yasar | Associate Professor of Economics , | University of Denver | US |
Patxi | Zabalo | Professor | University of the Basque Country | Spain |
June | Zaccone | Associate Professor Emirata of Economics and Geography, | Hofstra University | US |
Ricardo García | Zaldívar | Professor Emeritus | Carlos III University of Madrid | Spain |
Gabriel | Zucman | Economist | Paris School of Economics | France |